Calculations – Forces

Calculations – Force Equations

The results of forces using the force equations were calculated at various distances and compared to known results that have been verified with classical equations: Newton’s law of universal gravitation for gravity, Coulomb’s law for the electric force and Distinti’s New Magnetism for the magnetic force. The magnetic force described here is the force of electrons in motion (separate from static magnetism). It is calculated at various distances for two electrons at velocities shown in the first column. It is compared to Distinti’s new magnetism for point particles.The findings are identical and are shown the table below.

The strong force only applies to objects at small distances, so the third and fourth columns contain calculations at distances of 8.45E-16 m (0.845 fm) and 1.13E-15 m (1.13 fm), calculating these forces to be 44.2K and 24.9K newtons respectively. Similarly, the gravity of planets is measured over large distances, so the last and second to last columns contain distances between the Earth and the Sun and Moon. In the last column, the gravitational force between the Sun and Earth is calculated at 3.542E+22 newtons, which is a variation of 0.00% when using Newton’s law. In the second to the last column, the gravitational force between the Earth and Moon is calculated at 1.976E+20 newtons, also a variation of 0.00% from the traditional calculation. Also, a test of different electron and positron combinations across various distances, from the distance between two quarks to the distance between the Earth and Sun, were used to calculate the electric force. All calculations agree with the traditional calculation using Coulomb’s law with no difference (0.00%).

The orbital force is measured at the Bohr radius for hydrogen and compared to the electric force a single electron and positron/proton. Additional calculations with the orbital force for other atoms requires additional distances to be calculated.

Summary of Calculations using Force Equation (force calculated in newtons)

Calculations – Surface Gravity (Acceleration) Equation

Acceleration and force are related from Newton’s Second Law, and later it is shown with a new acceleration equation for surface gravity (g), which is acceleration due to gravitation, and can be calculated accurately with the same method for counting particles as was performed using the gravitational force equation in the calculations in the table above. The known surface gravity values for the Sun, Earth, Moon and the remaining planets in the solar system are found in the table below. They are compared to the calculated versions using the Surface Gravity equation in the “Calculated” column.

The source values of g are available to two decimal places. However, the calculated values extend beyond two decimal places, resulting in a difference in the known values and calculated values. Upon closer inspection, rounding up or down to the nearest decimal would result in a match against the known values for each of the calculations.

Surface Gravity using Acceleration Equation for Gravity (force calculated in m/s²)

Notes about references for values in Acceleration Table:

• Values for radius, mass and the surface gravity value (g) were obtained from Wikipedia pages for each of the planets.
• Equatorial radius was used as the radius for planets unless it was not present, in which case the mean radius was used. Earth is the only exception for radius. The radius used for the Earth is 6,375,223 meters to be consistent with Newton’s calculation to arrive at the known surface gravity of Earth.
• The NASA fact sheet on Uranus was used for its surface gravity value since the Wikipedia value was incorrect at the time of calculation.

Source Data: All tables shown here for force calculations can be found in the downloadable spreadsheet. Further information on the derivation of the equations and how to replicate them is in the Forces paper.