Conservation of Energy
Example #1) Photon Creation – Atoms
When an electron is captured into an atom, or moves to a lower orbital energy level, a photon is released. This is a transverse wave as a result of particle vibration as it settles into place. Each particle (proton and electron) has longitudinal, standing wave energy.
Before an Electron is Captured by an Atom
After the electron is captured, there is a change in longitudinal wave energy as these particles have destructive wave interference. Energy is always conserved, so this means that it is transferred to two, transverse waves that will travel in opposite directions. These transverse waves are photons. The electron’s vibration is perpendicular to the direction to the nucleus, so one photon will travel towards the nucleus and be absorbed and cause the atom to recoil. The other photon will leave the atom.
After Electron Captured by Atom
Longitudinal Energy – Destructive Waves
The energy for the photon is a result of a difference in longitudinal wave energy as two opposite phase particles destructively interfere, which is the case with a proton and electron. The energy difference in longitudinal wave form is:
The values Ee and re are the short form of the energy equation that is used for force. They are the energy of the electron and classical electron radius, respectively. Q is the particle count that is also used in the electric force equation. This energy equation is the basis of the Force Equation and its derivation. These values can be replaced by their wave constants to form the Longitudinal Energy Equation – Constructive Wave Interference Difference, where it is a function of two groups of particles with count Q, changing their distance (r). The equation above is simplified and then replaced by their wave constants.
Longitudinal Energy Equation – Constructive Wave Interference Difference
To solve for hydrogen and the Bohr radius, the same distances (r) are used in the equation above. However, two photons are created, so only half of this energy value is used to match one photon.
Et = 1/2 El. The result from the change in longitudinal energy is -2.1799E-18 joules. This is the same energy that is created in a new, transverse wave energy of the photon which is also -2.1799E-18 joules – the Rydberg constant. Since there are two photons created, the transverse energy is 1/2 of the longitudinal energy. Energy is completed conserved, but it changes wave forms from longitudinal to transverse, or vice versa when a photon is absorbed (transverse to longitudinal).
Example #2) Photon Creation – Annihilation
When an electron interacts with a positron, it is known to annihilate and create two photons that match the rest energy of the electron. The section on annihilation describes the process and reason for this interaction, including why these two particles can also appear out of nowhere with pair production. Here, the process is described mathematically as the transfer of energy from wave forms.
Before Annihilation – An Electron and Positron
The positron is the anti-particle to the electron. It is identical to the electron in mass and charge. In wave theory, the only difference with this particle is that it is anti-phase on the longitudinal wave (180 degree phase shift). This causes destructive wave interference between these two particles.
After being attracted by destructive waves, the particles vibrate until they reach a resting position. This vibration causes two transverse waves – two photons. The particles (defined by their wave centers) are still there but without any standing waves to be measured as mass. They can be separated again later with a photon that is equal to or greater than the sum of their masses (pair production).
After Annihilation – An Electron and Positron
Longitudinal Energy – Destructive Waves
The conservation of energy applies again to this example. Two photons (Et) are created from two electron masses (El). 2Et = 2El, or Et = El. The longitudinal wave energy of the electron was calculated in the electron section and also shown as one of the fundamental physical constants, using the Longitudinal Energy Equation and wave constants.
Et = El. The photon energy calculated with the Transverse Energy Equation is 8.1871E-14 joules, which is identical to the mass of the electron, which is calculated with the Longitudinal Energy Equation at 8.1871E-14 joules. It shows that annihilation is a complete transfer of energy from standing waves of longitudinal wave energy to transverse energy. Conservation of energy.
